Emmanuel Moulin: The Rise of Macron's New Right Hand and the Challenges of French Executive Power

After a decade of service to President Emmanuel Macron, Alexis Kohler, often described as the president's "second brain," has officially announced his resignation as chief of staff.

The Elysée Palace confirmed that Emmanuel Moulin will take over this crucial position on April 14, 2025, marking a significant transition in the inner circle of French executive power

This change comes at a time when Macron's administration faces numerous challenges, including political fragmentation following the hung parliament resulting from the 2024 elections and ongoing social tensions related to economic reforms.

Moulin, with his extensive experience in both public service and the private sector, brings a unique skillset to this pivotal role that will shape the remainder of Macron's presidency.

His appointment represents not only a personnel change but potentially signals shifts in policy approach and administrative style within the Élysée Palace.

The Legacy of Alexis Kohler: A Decade of Influence

Alexis Kohler has been an instrumental figure in Emmanuel Macron's political journey, serving as his right-hand man throughout Macron's meteoric rise in French politics.

His relationship with Macron began when he served as chief of staff during Macron's tenure as economy minister under then-president François Hollande from 2014 to 2018

This professional partnership deepened when Macron ascended to the presidency in May 2017, with Kohler immediately assuming the role of the Elysée's chief of staff, a position he has held continuously until his recent resignation.

Kohler's influence has been so profound that he earned the nickname "Macron's second brain," highlighting his significant role in shaping the president's thoughts and strategies

The longevity and closeness of their working relationship is remarkable in modern French politics, with few presidential advisors maintaining such prolonged influence.

Controversies and Challenges During Kohler's Tenure

Despite his effectiveness as Macron's chief strategist, Kohler's tenure has not been without controversy.

Since 2022, he has been under investigation for an alleged illegal conflict of interest related to his family's connections with the Italian-Swiss shipping company MSC, which is operated by his mother's cousins, the Aponte family

The allegations center on decisions he participated in while serving as a senior civil servant between 2009 and 2016 that potentially benefited this shipping company[

In February 2025, the National Assembly's Finance Committee authorized potential criminal proceedings against Kohler if he refused further questioning, escalating the pressure on Macron's closest advisor

Additionally, Kohler faces questioning by a Senate inquiry commission investigating a mineral water fraud case involving Nestlé, where prohibited water treatment techniques were allegedly allowed to continue despite regulatory non-compliance[

These controversies have cast shadows over Kohler's otherwise distinguished career of public service.

Kohler's Next Chapter at Societe Generale

Following his departure from the Elysée, Kohler will not be retreating from public life but rather transitioning to a prominent role in the private sector.

French banking giant Societe Generale announced on March 28 that Kohler will join the institution as executive vice president, effective June 2025

In this capacity, he will oversee mergers and acquisitions, equity capital markets, and acquisition financing, while also supporting CEO Slawomir Krupa in implementing various transformation initiatives within the bank

This move represents a significant shift from political power to financial influence, though Kohler will undoubtedly leverage his extensive government experience and deep understanding of economic policy in his new role.

His appointment to Societe Generale's executive committee further cements his status as one of France's most influential figures, now spanning both political and financial realms.

Emmanuel Moulin: A Distinguished Career in Public Service and Finance

Emmanuel Moulin brings to his new role an impressive background that spans public administration, international finance, and government service.

His career path reflects the classic trajectory of France's elite civil servants who move between public service and the private sector.

Moulin's educational credentials are impeccable, having graduated from the prestigious École Nationale d'Administration (ENA), the traditional training ground for France's governing elite].

He also holds degrees from Sciences-Po, ESSEC (one of France's top business schools), and the University of Paris II, providing him with a comprehensive foundation in politics, economics, and law

This educational background has prepared him for the diverse challenges he has faced throughout his career and will confront in his new position at the Elysée.

Early Career and International Experience

Moulin's professional journey began at the French Treasury, where he served as deputy head of the transport office from 1996 to 1998, followed by a role managing cash in the Debt Management Office from 1998 to 2000

His career then took an international turn when he was appointed Alternate Director of the World Bank in Washington, gaining valuable experience in global financial institutions[2]. From 2003 to 2005, he served as Secretary General of the Paris Club, an informal group of official creditors whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to payment difficulties faced by debtor countries

This international experience equipped Moulin with a global perspective on financial affairs and diplomatic negotiations that will undoubtedly inform his approach as chief of staff. His understanding of international economic relations represents a valuable asset in a world increasingly characterized by complex global challenges.

Private Sector Experience

Unlike many civil servants who remain exclusively in government service, Moulin has accumulated significant private sector experience that broadens his perspective.

In 2006, he became a senior banker at Citigroup, where he was responsible for the public sector for France and Belgium, developing expertise in the intersection of government and finance

After serving in government roles during Nicolas Sarkozy's presidency, Moulin joined the Eurotunnel group as Deputy CEO following the 2012 elections, demonstrating his ability to navigate major infrastructure enterprises

He further expanded his private sector credentials by becoming Managing Director at the investment bank Mediobanca in February 2015

This combination of public and private sector experience gives Moulin a unique perspective that may prove valuable in advising President Macron on economic matters and public-private partnerships.

His ability to understand both government operations and business concerns represents a potentially valuable bridge between these often separated worlds.

Return to Government Service

Moulin's return to government service came in May 2017 when he was appointed Chief of Staff to the Minister of Economy, Finance and Economic Recovery, coinciding with the beginning of Macron's first term

This position placed him at the heart of the administration's economic policy implementation during a period of significant reform.

Prior to his upcoming role as Macron's chief of staff, Moulin served as chief of staff to former Prime Minister Gabriel Attal, gaining further experience in the highest levels of French government administration

This recent experience in the prime minister's office should provide valuable insights into the current challenges facing the French government and the political landscape Macron must navigate in the remainder of his presidency. Moulin's repeated returns to public service despite lucrative private sector opportunities suggest a deep commitment to government and public policy.

The Critical Role of the Presidential Chief of Staff in French Politics

The position of chief of staff (Secrétaire général de l'Élysée) in the French presidential system is one of extraordinary influence, often operating as the president's most trusted advisor and gatekeeper.

Unlike more visible political roles, the chief of staff works largely behind the scenes, with power derived primarily from proximity to the president rather than constitutional authority. In the French Fifth Republic, this role has evolved to become central to presidential decision-making and the functioning of executive power.

The chief of staff typically manages the president's office, coordinates between various ministries and the presidency, filters information reaching the president, and often plays a significant role in shaping policy decisions.

The effectiveness of a presidency can be substantially influenced by the relationship between the president and their chief of staff.

Historical Evolution of the Role

The importance of the presidential chief of staff in France has grown considerably since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958.

Under Charles de Gaulle, the role began as a primarily administrative position, but it has evolved into a position of significant political influence.

Historical figures who have served in this capacity often went on to prominent political careers of their own, illustrating the role's importance as a stepping stone in French politics. The chief of staff position requires a delicate balance of political acumen, administrative capability, and personal loyalty to the president.

The growing complexity of governance and increased media scrutiny has further elevated the role's importance, with chiefs of staff often becoming power centers in their own right within French administrations.

Kohler's Transformation of the Role

Alexis Kohler's tenure as Macron's chief of staff has further redefined this crucial position. His unusually long service in the role—spanning nearly Macron's entire presidency—and his exceptionally close relationship with the president have expanded the influence traditionally associated with the position

Kohler was not merely an administrative facilitator but a key strategic advisor who helped shape Macron's political agenda and governance approach. His nickname as Macron's "second brain" aptly captures the symbiotic relationship that developed between the president and his chief of staff

This close partnership allowed for consistency in policy implementation and political strategy throughout most of Macron's presidency. Kohler's departure therefore represents not just a personnel change but potentially a significant shift in how the Élysée functions and how decisions are made.

The Transition: From Kohler to Moulin

The transition from Kohler to Moulin represents a pivotal moment in Macron's presidency. After relying on Kohler's counsel for nearly a decade, Macron must now adjust to a new chief advisor during a politically challenging period.

The handover, scheduled for April 14, 2025, comes at a time when Macron's administration faces numerous challenges, including managing a fractured parliament resulting from the 2024 elections

This transition period will be critical as Moulin takes the reins of the presidential office and establishes his working relationship with Macron.

How smoothly this transfer of responsibilities occurs will have implications for the effectiveness of the administration in its final years and for Macron's political legacy.

Different Backgrounds, Different Approaches

While both Kohler and Moulin emerge from France's elite administrative corps, their differing career paths may influence their approaches to the chief of staff role. Kohler's career has been more closely tied to Macron personally, having worked directly with him since Macron's time as economy minister

In contrast, Moulin has served multiple administrations across the political spectrum, including roles during Nicolas Sarkozy's center-right presidency and more recently as chief of staff to Prime Minister Gabriel Attal

Moulin's experience working with different political leaders and in various institutional contexts may bring a different perspective to the Élysée.

His broader experience across both the public and private sectors could potentially introduce new approaches to problem-solving and political management within Macron's inner circle.

Potential Impact on Macron's Governing Style

The change in chief of staff may influence Macron's governing style during the remainder of his term.

Kohler's intimate understanding of Macron's thinking and his ability to anticipate the president's needs and preferences had become an integral part of Macron's governance approach[.

As Moulin establishes his own working relationship with the president, subtle shifts in how information is filtered, priorities are set, and decisions are made may emerge.

This transition offers both challenges and opportunities for Macron—while losing Kohler's institutional memory and deep personal understanding represents a significant adjustment, Moulin brings fresh perspectives and diverse experiences that could reinvigorate the administration during its final years.

The success of this transition will depend largely on how quickly Moulin and Macron establish an effective working dynamic.

Challenges Awaiting Moulin in His New Role

Emmanuel Moulin faces a complex set of challenges as he assumes the role of presidential chief of staff. Perhaps the most immediate is the fractured political landscape following the June-July 2024 elections, which resulted in a hung parliament where the left-wing New Popular Front secured the most seats but failed to win an outright majority

This parliamentary fragmentation has led to a government comprising ministers primarily from Macron's centrist alliance and the conservative Republicans party, reflecting a significant rightward shif

Managing relationships with this diverse cabinet and negotiating with various parliamentary factions will require considerable political skill from both Macron and his new chief of staff. Moulin's experience working across different administrations may prove valuable in navigating these divided political waters.

Economic Challenges and Budget Constraints

One of the most pressing issues facing the French government is managing the country's economic challenges and budget constraints.

The 2025 budget will need to address significant fiscal pressures while balancing political considerations in a divided parliament.

Moulin's background in finance, including his experience at the French Treasury, the World Bank, and in the private banking sector, may be particularly valuable in addressing these economic challenges

His understanding of both government finance and market dynamics could help the administration craft economic policies that maintain fiscal responsibility while addressing social and political concerns.

Economic management will be crucial for Macron's legacy as his second term draws to a close amid persistent concerns about France's debt levels and economic competitiveness.

Navigating Social Tensions and Reform Agendas

France has experienced significant social unrest in recent years, including protests against pension reforms and other economic policies

As Macron attempts to implement further reforms during his remaining time in office, Moulin will play a crucial role in navigating the political and social tensions these changes often provoke.

This will require balancing reform ambitions with political realities and social sensitivities. Moulin's experience in both economic policy and political management may help the administration find more sustainable approaches to reform that generate less resistance. The challenge will be implementing meaningful changes while maintaining social cohesion during a period of political fragmentation and economic uncertainty.

Rebuilding Trust in Governmental Institutions

Another challenge facing the French administration is the erosion of trust in governmental institutions that has characterized recent years.

Scandals, political polarization, and perceptions of disconnect between political elites and citizens have undermined public confidence in government.

Moulin enters his role following controversies surrounding his predecessor, including investigations into alleged conflicts of interest

Rebuilding institutional trust will require transparency, effective communication, and demonstrable integrity from the president's office.

As the president's chief advisor and office manager, Moulin will play a significant role in shaping how the Élysée operates and communicates with the public during this critical period of Macron's presidency.

Comparative Perspective: Chiefs of Staff in Modern Democracies

The role of presidential or prime ministerial chief of staff varies significantly across different democratic systems, reflecting variations in constitutional arrangements, political traditions, and leadership styles.

In the United States, the White House Chief of Staff is a highly visible position with substantial administrative authority but less direct policy influence than is typical in the French system.

In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister's Chief of Staff operates in a parliamentary system where the relationship between executive and legislative powers differs fundamentally from the French semi-presidential system.

The German Chancellery Chief of Staff (Kanzleramtsminister) holds cabinet rank, unlike the French model. These different institutional arrangements shape how chiefs of staff function across democracies and the types of influence they exert on governance.

The French Model: Powerful but Discreet

The French presidential chief of staff typifies what political scientists often describe as a "powerful but discreet" model of executive assistance.

Unlike the American model, where chiefs of staff often become public figures in their own right with frequent media appearances, French chiefs of staff traditionally operate behind the scenes, wielding significant influence through proximity to the president rather than public profile.

Kohler exemplified this tradition, rarely making public statements despite his enormous influence on Macron's presidency

This French model concentrates substantial power in the hands of unelected officials who often come from elite educational institutions like ENA (now transformed into the National Institute of Public Service), raising questions about democratic accountability and representation.

However, it also provides presidents with trusted advisors who can focus on governance rather than political positioning.

Implications for Democratic Governance

The powerful role of chiefs of staff in presidential systems raises important questions about democratic governance and accountability.

These officials wield significant influence without being directly accountable to voters, potentially concentrating power within small circles of elite administrators.

The transition from Kohler to Moulin offers an opportunity to reflect on how these crucial but often invisible roles shape democratic governance.

As modern democracies face challenges from populism and demands for greater transparency, the traditionally opaque functioning of presidential offices may come under increased scrutiny.

How Moulin approaches his role—particularly regarding transparency and engagement with broader constituencies—may reflect evolving expectations about how democratic executive power should function in the 21st century.

Implications for Macron's Final Years in Office

The appointment of Moulin comes at a critical juncture for Macron's presidency, which has faced significant challenges in recent years, including the COVID-19 pandemic, economic turbulence, and growing political polarization.

The final years of Macron's term will largely determine his historical legacy and influence French politics for years to come.

Moulin's appointment may signal a shift in approach as Macron navigates his final years in office and considers his legacy.

The new chief of staff's financial expertise could indicate a renewed focus on economic issues, while his experience working with center-right politicians might suggest attempts to build broader political coalitions.

How Moulin helps Macron navigate upcoming challenges, including potential social unrest and legislative obstacles, will significantly influence the president's ability to implement his remaining agenda items.

Managing a Rightward Political Shift

The formation of a center-right government following the 2024 elections represents a significant shift in Macron's political positioning

Originally elected with support spanning from center-left to center-right, Macron has increasingly relied on conservative backing as his presidency has progressed.

Moulin's appointment—given his past experience with Sarkozy's center-right administration—may facilitate this rightward orientation

Managing this political realignment while maintaining coherence with Macron's original centrist vision presents a delicate balancing act.

Additionally, the rise of both left-wing and far-right forces in French politics creates a challenging environment for Macron's centrist project.

Moulin's political acumen will be tested as he helps the president navigate these complex political waters during a time of significant polarization.

Preparing for the Post-Macron Era

As Macron's second and final term approaches its conclusion, attention will increasingly turn to succession planning and the future of French politics after his presidency.

Moulin will likely play a role in how Macron positions himself for the post-presidential period and attempts to ensure a legacy for his political movement.

The challenges of maintaining political relevance for Macron's centrist coalition in a polarizing environment will require strategic foresight and political maneuvering.

Whether Macron's political project can survive beyond his presidency remains uncertain, and decisions made during these final years—with Moulin's counsel—will significantly influence this outcome.

The appointment of a chief of staff with experience across different administrations may reflect awareness of the need to build broader coalitions to ensure policy continuity beyond Macron's term.

Conclusion

The transition from Alexis Kohler to Emmanuel Moulin as President Macron's chief of staff marks a significant moment in French politics that extends beyond a mere personnel change.

After nearly a decade of relying on Kohler's counsel through his rise to power and most of his presidency, Macron must now adapt to a new chief advisor during a particularly challenging political period

Moulin brings impressive credentials to the role, with extensive experience in both public administration and private finance, as well as service across different political administrations.

This diverse background may provide fresh perspectives as Macron navigates the final years of his presidency amid parliamentary fragmentation, economic challenges, and social tensions

The challenges facing Moulin are considerable—from managing relationships with a diverse cabinet to implementing reforms in a divided political landscape.

His success will depend not only on his administrative capabilities but also on his ability to establish an effective working relationship with Macron, who has grown accustomed to Kohler's particular approach.

The outcome of this transition will influence not only the effectiveness of Macron's remaining time in office but also the legacy of his presidency and potentially the future direction of French politics.

As France continues to navigate complex domestic and international challenges, the partnership between Macron and his new chief of staff will be crucial in determining the country's path forward during this critical period of its political history.